e1b1a in the levant e1b1a in the levant

Distribution of haplogroup E1b1b in Europe, the Near East and North Africa. He belonged to the subclade E-M34. [69] This is the modal haplotype of STR markers that is common in carriers of E-U175. His real name is Nicolas Kim Coppola, and his paternal great-grand-father emigrated to the U.S. from the South Italian town of Bernalda in Basilicata. This page has been accessed 678 times. The first Indo-European migration to Greece was that of the Mycenaeans from c. 1650 BCE. The biggest genetic impact of the Romans/Italians outside of Italy appears to have been in Gaul (modern France, Belgium, southern Germany and Switzerland), probably because this was the closest region to Italy using the well-developed Roman road network (actually inherited from the Gauls themselves). Article Indeed the distribution pattern and frequency of M81 matches much better the Phoenician maritime empire, with its origins in the Levant, and its dispersal along the cost of North Africa, but also Iberia, Sardinia and Sicily. Within Africa, E-M2 displays a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution. [33] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. Salas A, Richards M, Lareu MV et al. like the Levant or the southern Arabian Peninsula could have served as an incubator for the early diversification of non-African uniparental haplogroup varieties like Y chromosome DE-YAP*, CF-P143* and mtDNA M and N . Mol Ecol 2011; 20: 26932708. [10][11][12], At Taukome, in Botswana, an individual, dated to the Early Iron Age (1100 BP), carried haplogroups E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123) and L0d3b1. Origins and history of Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA) - Academia.edu do you know whether the hp E1b1a was ever found in ancient Levant? Only two other haplogroups exceeded 5% of the total: BT* (xDE,KT) (7.5%) and E* (xE1b1a) (5.1%). Nurse D : Bantu languages; in Brown K, (ed): Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Google Scholar. In whichever scenario, it is clear that M81 benefited from a potent founder effect in the Maghreb, a region that was first dominated by the Carthaginian elite, but quickly became one of the favourite regions of residence for the Roman elite within the empire (along with Spain, France and Greece). E1b1a1a1g (YCC E1b1a8) is defined by marker U175. The discovery of two SNPs (V38 and V100) by Trombetta et al. Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages. The TMRCA for each haplogroup-defining UEP (with at least 20 chromosomes) is presented in Table 3 along with regions and countries within which each haplogroup was observed. DNA from Congolese samples was extracted using the Gentra protein precipitation method (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). It would be unthinkable that over 1,500 years of Hellenisation and Byzantine rule in Anatolia and the Levant didn't leave any genetic trace. Vansina J : New Linguistic Evidence and 'the Bantu Expansion'. Farming, languages, and genes. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd, 2006, pp 679685. The most prominent member is probably John C. Calhoun (17821850), who was the seventh Vice President of the United States. The weak point of this hypothesis is that it doesn't explain how M81 reached places like France, Britain, Greece or Turkey, nor even northern Spain. Therefore both hypotheses are plausible. E1b1a (L86.1) This mutation indicates that the population crossed the A1b1 dominated Grassland into the regions West of the great Lakes. [15] Gad et al. [2] E-M329 is also frequent in Southwestern Ethiopia, especially among Omotic -speaking populations. Iranic tribes, La Tne Celts, Romans, Goths, Slavs). PDF The genetic history of the Israelite nation Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Santolamazza P et al. The same haplogroups show up in Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan, accompanied by new haplogroups (H2 and T). EgyptSearch Forums: Ramses iii was not E1b1a? E1b1a (M58) Expansion between the Great Lakes & Midwest Africa Group-based pharmacogenetic prediction: is it feasible and do current NHS England ethnic classifications provide appropriate data? The probability of observing a particular haplotype, if present, in a randomly collected set was assessed by the equation (1q)n=(1P), where P is the probability of observing the haplotype, q is the minimum frequency of the haplotype to be observed and n is the number of chromosomes. Veeramah et al. Southern Neolithic route brought Megaliths from the Levant to Western Europe, Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe. The haplogroup E1b1a-M2 (and its sub-lineages) is widely spread in Africa and highly prevalent in all Bantu sub-Saharan populations, with frequencies above 80% in most populations 39,40,46,47. The J haplogroup is of Semitic origin and is overwhelmingly present in The Middle East. Ramesses III is not E1b1a - Ancient Egypt Hum Genet 1999; 105: 577581. [6][7][8][9] According to Wood et al. Nowadays, the highest genetic diversity of haplogroup E1b1b is observed in Northeast Africa, especially in Ethiopia and Somalia, which also have the monopoly of older and rarer branches like M281, V6 or V92. Of the possible 17 haplogroups, 12 were observed in the complete data set with haplogroup E1b1a modal (0.847, range in population groups 0.3890.957), both overall and in every sub-Saharan African group. E1b1a and E1b1b-V22 tend to have lower values for this STR compared to other E1b1b haplogroups, but still the reported value is very rare in any of these haplogroups, and it looks like another suspicious STR value. Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R : A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms. One of them was E-M34 (notably Levantine clades like Y15558 and Z21421), which makes up about 15% of modern Lebanese Y-DNA, but was probably higher before the Greek, Roman, Arabic, Byzantine, medieval crusader and Ottoman occupations altered the local gene pool. Table 2 contains the six-STR haplotype gene diversities for E1b1a component haplogroups present in all three West, West-Central and East-Central regions. The ancestral L485 SNP (along with several of its subclades) was very recently discovered. E-M2 is the most common haplogroup in . Attempts were made to identify genetic relationships among EBSP groups in the context of Africa as a whole10, 11 (also see Supplementary Figure S112). Cereal farming may therefore trace its roots (literally) to the E1b1b tribes of the Mesolithic Levant. Nevertheless, many lineages now found among the Ethiopians and Somalians appear to have come from the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. [9] Brucato et al. The merits of this hypothesis is that it would explain why M81 is so much more common in the Maghreb, and particularly in Tunisia, than in Italy today. E-M123 originated some 19,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age Its place of origin is uncertain, but it was probably in the Red Sea region, somewhere between the southern Levant and Ethiopia. The ancient Greeks contributed to the rediffusion of more E-M34 (and E-V13) around places such as Cyprus, Sicily, southern Italy, Liguria, Provence, eastern Spain, and basically all part of the Classical ancient Greek world. Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups. This led the authors to suggest that E-V38 may have originated in East Africa. [26] West Africans (e.g., Mende of Sierra Leone), bearing the Senegal sickle cell haplotype,[29][26] may have migrated into Mauritania (77% modern rate of occurrence) and Senegal (100%); they may also have migrated across the Sahara, into North Africa, and from North Africa, into Southern Europe, Turkey, and a region near northern Iraq and southern Turkey. [25], Amid the Green Sahara, the mutation for sickle cell originated in the Sahara[26] or in the northwest forest region of western Central Africa (e.g., Cameroon)[26][27] by at least 7,300 years ago,[26][27] though possibly as early as 22,000 years ago. We thank all DNA donors and those assisting in sample collection and Professor Mark Thomas and Dr Krishna Veeramah for their support with typing and helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript. Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P et al. Pakendorf et al7 in a recent review of the contribution made by molecular genetic analysis to the study of EBSP concluded that patrilocality and possibly polygyny may have contributed to NRY, but not mtDNA, association with linguistic affinity. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S : Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. the migration of a small group of settlers carrying among whom one paternal lineage was much more common than any others. Under the latter no less than eight subclades have been identified at present: A930, A2227, CTS12227, FGC22844, PF2578, PF6794, MZ99 and Z5009. Or it may have left Africa and became E1b1b after admixture with West Asians. Science 2009; 324: 10351044. These locations mainly cover West, Central-West, East, South-East and South Africa. E1b1a1a1b is defined by M116.2, a private marker. Hum Genet 2005; 117: 366375. The study revealed that he belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 829846. Outside North Africa, M81 is far more frequent in parts of Iberia than anywhere else in Europe or the Near East. Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria. But in any case E-V13 was definitely not the major Neolithic European lineage it was once alleged to be. Rare deep-rooting Y chromosome lineages in humans: lessons for phylogeography. The first would be the Bronze Age Italic tribes from Central Europe, who in all logic would have possessed at least some E-V13 lineages before they invaded the Italian peninsula. Y-DNA Haplogroup E: E1b1b and E1b1a - Your DNA Guide The Carthaginians founded cities in Spain, including Carthago Nova (the New Carthage, now Cartagena in Murcia), but also in Sardinia and Sicily, where M81 is the most common today within Italy. In just a few centuries, that very minor E-V13 lineage had started an expansion process that would turn it into one of Europe's most widespread paternal lineages and reach far beyond the borders of Europe itself, also spreading to the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Iran, and even Siberia. An Indo-European dispersal of V13 subclades would not only explain why E-V13 is present in places like Finland, northwest Russia or Siberia, where Neolithic farmers had a negligible impact, but also why E-V13 is so conspicuously lacking from the Basque country and (central) Sardinia, the two regions of Europe with the highest Neolithic ancestry. Genetics 2003; 165: 229234. Author: Maciamo Hay. The Harvey Y-DNA Genetic Project managed to retrace the ancestry and identify the Y-chromosomal haplogroup of William Harvey (1578 -1657), the first person to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart. Google Scholar. Haplogroup E1b1a7 or E1b1a8* is modal in all groups with the exception of Bankim (Cameroon) and Fante (Ghana). This, we hypothesise, may shed light on routes taken during their expansion. We analyse frequencies of halpogroups and estimates of TMRCA to answer two questions: (a) Is there evidence of more than one expansion of paternal line ancestors of Bantu-speaking people living in present day sub-Saharan Africa? e1b1a is Bantu? According to the results, Canaanite ancestry is a mix of indigenous populations who settled the Levant (the region encompassing much of modern Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian . . This marker was found in a single South African. Did E1b1a mutate from E1b1b? And if it did - ProBoards Although the battery of the NRY markers typed in UEP kits gives a relatively crude resolution of NRY haplogroups, the typing of four UEP markers within E1b1a considerably increases the resolution of NRY types associated with EBSP.32. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. The Bantu expansion revisited: a new analysis of Y chromosome variation in Central Western Africa. Early genetic studies of Bantu-speaking people were based on classical gene frequency data. A good example is represented by some lineages internal to the E1b1a-M2 haplogroup, such as E1b1a-M10 and E1b1a-V5280, which are observed mainly in the Sahelian groups (D'Atanasio et al. [25] Tima was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e1e. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. As a consequence, this study makes an important contribution to filling the gap. (2022) analysed the DNA of the remains of John Corvinus and his son Christopher Corvinus, the two last members of the Hunyadi family. E1b1b used to be E3b, but always is E-M215 or E-M35. However, because each is, in effect, a single linked locus, interpreting observed differences among groups must be undertaken with a high level of caution. As a Germanic tribe they might have carried a small percentage of E-V13. Naser Ansari Pour. E1b1a is also known as E-M2 and E1b1b is also know as E-M215 or as E-M35. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66: 674686. As the EBSP shows a clearer genetic legacy in the paternally inherited genetic system compared with mtDNA (evident from high and similar frequencies of E1b1a) in sub-Saharan Africa,32 it is possible that, as suggested by de Filippo et al,31 fine-scale E1b1a typing of Bantu-speaking communities throughout sub-Saharan Africa may add more structure to the geographic distribution of haplogroups. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles We define expansion in this context to mean diffusion of alleles. The finer branches of the genealogical tree were associated with lower estimates of TMRCA (Figure 1). The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant We conclude that analysis of NRY in 43 widely distributed population groups from across sub-Saharan Africa provides evidence of multiple expansions from West Africa along the western and eastern routes and a late specifically eastern expansion at some time during the past two millennia during a period in which male-mediated gene flow from East-Central to West-Central Africa does not appear to have taken place, at least to any significant extent. Montano V, Ferri G, Marcari V et al. Haplogroup E1b1a7 (defined by M191) is modal in most groups in countries from Ghana to Mozambique and only at slightly lower frequency in South African Bantu speakers (33.8% compared with E1b1a8*. On the European continent it has the highest concentration in Kosovo (over 45%), Albania and Montenegro (both 27%), Bulgaria (23%), Macedonia and Greece (both 21%), Cyprus (20%), Sicily (20%), South Italy (18.5%), Serbia (18%) and Romania (15%). [13] [14] E1b1a1a1 is commonly defined by M180/P88. The Moors also conquered Sicily. [25] Lima was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4671 and L3b3. These lineages continued to expand around the Middle East, Greece and Italy during the Bronze Age. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa and Middle East. The Dorians from Central Europe followed from c. 1200 BCE. Personally, I can't remember any study who detected E1b1a in that region during the BA or among the Natufians. Because the Bantu languages on the eastern route are more homogeneous than those on the western route,11 it is reasonable to speculate that later expansions occurred mainly on the eastern route. 5% (2/37) of the town Singa-Rimab, Burkina Faso tested positive for E-M58. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. The Fishers exact test was also performed in the R environment. How many people in the world are estimated to have E1b1a DNA, a genetic [29], E-M2's frequency and diversity are highest in West Africa. Therefore this lineage could actually have emerged a few centuries earlier, during the Phoenician/Carthaginian period. E1b1a in the Levant? - YouTube Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 125129. As of November 2016, he was the 12th richest person in the world. [e], E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. (=> see also the discussions Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? The Phoenicians would have spread E-M34 to Cyprus, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Ibiza and southern Iberia. Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Ben Ami H, Parfitt T, Bradman N, Goldstein DB : Origins of old testament priests. Due to the scarcity of full genomic sequences available from the Balkans, it is not yet clear when E-V13 expanded in that region. [25] Nana was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2b3a. The EBSP impact on African demography has, over the past decade, also been studied by analysing paternal and maternal sex-specific genetic systems (non-recombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)). Bantu and European Y-lineages in sub-Saharan Africa. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. The Goths settled over all the Italian peninsula. Pereira L, Gusmao L, Alves C et al. E1b1a, on the other hand, is said to have never left Africa but was reported in 6% of Natufian samples. Even within Britain it is found mainly in Wales, a region known to have served as a refuge for the Romano-British population during the Anglo-Saxon invasions. Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. [25] Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and L3e1e. [29] Some may have migrated into and introduced the Senegal and Benin sickle cell haplotypes into Basra, Iraq, where both occur equally. Table 1 reports the frequencies of all observed haplogroups, including the component haplogroups of E1b1a. Ann Hum Genet 2002; 66: 369378. PubMed (2011) only found one out of 505 tested African subjects who was U175 positive but negative for U209. These branches split from one another around 47,500 years ago in the horn of Africa, followed by the emergence of prominent SNP mutation E-M2 which gained footing there. The Phoenicians possessed a variety of paternal lineages reflecting the complex ancient history of the Middle East. You should learn them by the mutations because the letters change, the mutations don't. E1b1a used to be E3a, but always was E-M2. Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C et al. Lewis MP : Ethnologue: Languages of the World. So what exactly is the definition of a hamite? Diamond J, Bellwood P : Farmers and their languages: the first expansions. Because the West-Central African E1b1a data set is sufficiently large (n=516; eight groups), we would have expected to observe the E1b1a8a1a haplotype, if present at a frequency as low as 0.0058. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) CTS1096 split into three subclades around 7,500 to 7,000 years ago, a period that corresponds to the advent of the Copper Age around modern Kurdistan. His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the South's secession from the Union in 186061. M81 has two immediate subclades A5604 and M183 (aka PF2477 or PF2546). 3500-1150 BCE) was a formative period in the Southern Levant, a region that includes present-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, and southwest Syria. A1b1b-M32 has a wide distribution including Khoisan speaking and East African populations, and scattered members on the Arabian Peninsula. (2007) suggests that E-M78, E1b1b predominant subclade in Egypt, originated in "Northeastern Africa", with a corridor for bidirectional migrations between northeastern and eastern Africa (at least 2 episodes between 23.9-17.3 ky and 18.0-5.9 ky ago), trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe (mainly in Destro-Bisol G, Donati F, Coia V et al. (2012) recovered the DNA of Napoleon Bonaparte from beard hair follicules and compared his Y-DNA to that of one of his present-day descendants, Charles Napolon. [25] Coosaw was of West African and Native American ancestry and carried haplogroups E2b1a-CTS2400 and A2. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Where samples were ancestral for the four UEP markers, a further six to eleven UEPs (UEP1 and UEP2 kits: sY81, SRY4064, YAP, SRY10831, M13, M9, SRY465, M20, Tat, 92R7 and M17) were typed.38 NRY haplogroups were classified according to the nomenclature of the Y-Chromosome Consortium39 (Figure 1) and STR repeat sizes were assigned according to the nomenclature of Kayser et al.40 Additionally, the four E1b1a-specific UEPs were typed in 1820 samples, previously characterised as E1b1a in the TCGA database (published35, 36 and unpublished data), from the 35 non-Congo, sub-Saharan groups listed in Supplementary Table S1. They further observe that the lack of genetic data makes it premature to reach sweeping conclusions concerning the EBSP. Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites:Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries. [31] 15% (10/69) of Hutus in Rwanda tested positive for M58. Google Scholar. The expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP) during the past 3000-5000 years is an event of great importance in the history of humanity. See Supplementary Table S4 for Guthrie classifications of all Bantu-speaking groups included in the analysis. Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA et al. CAS Evol Bioinform Online 2005; 1: 4750. [17][18], At a San Jose de los Naturales Royal Hospital burial site, in Mexico City, Mexico, three enslaved West Africans of West African and Southern African ancestry, dated between 1453 CE and 1626 CE, 1450 CE and 1620 CE, and 1436 CE and 1472 CE, were found; one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1b/E-M263.2 and L1b2a, another carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1/E-P278.1/E-M425 and L3d1a1a, and the last carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a1c/E-CTS8030 and L3e1a1a. As a consequence it is consistent with a late, rapid expansion from south of the Grassfields of Cameroon that did not include expansion along the earlier western route. Thomas MG, Parfitt T, Weiss DA et al. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. Sir David Attenborough (b. Research Department of Genetics, The Centre for Genetic Anthropology, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK, Naser Ansari Pour,Christopher A Plaster&Neil Bradman, You can also search for this author in All buccal swabs were collected anonymously with appropriate ethical approval and informed consent. and (b) If so, did those expansions take different routes? The basal node E-L485* appears to be somewhat uncommon but has not been sufficiently tested in large populations. What is surprising with E-V13 is that it is as common in R1a-dominant as in R1b-dominant countries. [69], The supposed "Bantu haplotype" found in E-U175 carriers is "present at appreciable frequencies in other NigerCongo languages speaking peoples as far west as Guinea-Bissau". Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. The distribution of haplogroup E1b1a8a1a (defined by U181) with a very recent TMRCA of only 11001638 YBP is very different, however, being restricted to Nigeria and the east side of sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 2). Cruciani et al. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26: 15811589. So we know for sure that E1b1b was present in southern Europe at least since the Early Neolithic. Diversity (h) of E1b1a was calculated at the five component-haplogroup level ranged from 0.379 to 0.753, excluding the Anuak (h=0). DYS271/M2/SY81, P1/PN1, P189, P293, and M291 appear to form E1b1a1*. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Populations in Northwest Africa, central Eastern Africa and Madagascar have tested at more moderate frequencies. Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. CAS Autosomally they could be modelled as 2/3 Natufian and 1/3 Sub-Saharan African (West African), confirming the close genetic link between Late Paleolithic North Africans and Mesolithic South Levantines. The Scottish Clan Colquhoun/Calhoun from Dunbartonshire belongs to the clade E-V13 > BY3880 > Y16729 > Y16721 > Y16733 according to the Calhoun Surname Project. Holden CJ : Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub-Saharan Africa: a maximum-parsimony analysis. This theory has it that E1b1b people were associated with the development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and its earliest diffusion to Southeast Europe (Thessalian Neolithic) and Mediterranean Europe (Cardium Pottery culture). [25] Ajana was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2a1I. Underhill PA, Jin L, Lin AA et al. But the history of the region is so complex that there might be many separate branches of E-V13 that each came with a different invasion (e.g. The early development of agriculture triggered significant population growth, resulting in the expansion of early farming populations, along with the spread of language families in many parts of the world, including Africa.1 The many advantages of agricultural subsistence over foraging is a likely contributing factor to the rapid expansion of agriculturists and their languages during the holocene.2 A well-known example of this phenomenon in Africa is the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP), which is thought, on the basis of linguistic evidence, to have started around 5000 years ago3 in the region on the border between modern day eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.4 It is widely accepted that there was an early split into eastern and western routes in which farmers first expanded east and also, within 1500 years, reached West-Central Africa. The TMRCA at 47005300 YBP is entirely consistent with the haplogroup being present in West Africa at the dawn of the EBSP. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. Correspondence to [39][40][41], Outside of Africa, E-M2 has been found at low frequencies. It's typical of all E1b1b haplogroups, but E1b1a has instead 438=11 and only 2% of E1b1a samples have 438=10. Gjergj Kastrioti Sknderbe, also known as Skanderbeg (1405-1468), was an Albanian feudal lord and military commander who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in what is today Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia. The highest frequencies of E-M123 are observed in Jordan (31% near the Dead Sea), Ethiopia (5-20%), Israel/Palestine (10-12% among the Palestinians and the Jews), among the Bedouins (8%), in Lebanon (5%), in North Africa (3-5%), Anatolia (3-6%) and southern Europe, particularly Italy (1 to 8%), in the Spanish region of Extremadura (4%), and the Balearic islands of Ibiza and Minorca (average 10%). Consequently, the haplogroup is often observed in the United States populations in men who self-identify as African Americans. The box identifies the E1b1a clade, exclusively observed in population groups with recent African ancestry. [26] West Africans (e.g., Yoruba and Esan of Nigeria), bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated through the northeastern region of Africa into the western region of Arabia. The distribution of haplogroup E1b1a8a1* defined by U290 in the absence of U181 with a TMRCA of 14131725 YBP is similar to that of E1b1a8 and may be interpreted in the same way. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern Scozzari et al24 and Underhill et al25 found UEP (M2 and its analogues such as DYS271G) present at high frequencies specifically in sub-Saharan Africa and suggested this marker as a signature of EBSP. Article The outer and two inner fragments were amplified in a 10-l reaction volume containing 1l (1ng) of template DNA, 1.6l (50uM) dNTPs, 9.3nM TaqStart monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences Clontech, Oxford, UK), 0.13U of Taq polymerase (HT Biotech, Cambridge, UK) and outer and inner primers (see Supplementary Table S2 for primer details).